Strayer's Modern Science
- People of science began to somewhat stray away from external authority of the bible.
- Notable scientists who influenced the revolution of the Modern Era are Copernicus, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Descartes, Charles Darwin, and many others.
- The practice of science challenged acient social hierarchies and political system. Science also justified the gender and racial inequalities that happened towards women, enslaved people, and others.
- Europe had many universities and welcomed science. Scientific dissections taught people the specifics of the human body including the circulation of blood. An example provided is how the heart was no longer a mystery; it became known as a complex muscle that consistently pumps.
- European women were excluded from universities. In Germany, there were women who contributed to astronomical work. Notably, there was Maria Winkelman, a woman who discovered an unknown comet. However, her husband was accredited for the finding and she was not allowed to continue her husband's work after his death.
- In terms of the enlightenment, new knowledge of science had applied to human reasoning, authority, and human interaction rather than just the universe. Englightenment is expressed as using one's own understanding wihtout others' guidance. Strayer mentioned that someone expressed the enlightenment as a "dare" to disagree with others since the ability to act on knowledge can require courage. (Immanuel Kant, 745)
- Scientists believed that knowledge and the enlightenment is the power that can transform society.
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