Chapter 20 WW1 (1914-1970)

Intro

• Europe was strong and was a global influence through its military, scientific revolution, and industrial revolution. Europe had many powerful states (pieces and other countries and those pieces competed against each other for power. (Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and others).
• In page 982 and 983, Strayer mentions that by by the early 20th century, balance of power was expressed in 2 rival alliances. Those rivals were the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Gungary) and the Triple Entete (Russia, France, and Britain).
• These pieces were known as the Great Powers of Europe.
• These rivals were made for protection (national security) after the assassination of the Archduke (son of an emperor in Austria), Franz Ferdinand.

Pg 984

• The war in Europe was caused by having nationalism and a view that the world was a space to compete for control. Strayer mentions that the Great Powers of Europe competed for colonies, spheres of influence, and armaments.
• Nationalism was a belief that one's national identity is valuable and superior against other nations. This belief obligated others to promote the nation's identity to others. 
• Through Militarism, there was an arms race between Germany and Britain. Example of weapons made were submarines, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire.
• These new weapons caused significant death to men (10 mill) and this resulted into women not having husbands  or kids.

Pg 988

• As many men went to war, they left their factory jobs and this led women to fulfill the "masculine" jobs by using the machines and lifting heavy material. I think there was more to this that the book did not mention as I recall from my high school class. My previous teacher mentioned that during this time of war, women produced guns and helped contribute to the war effort by building planes and other types of tools as well.
• Strayer mentions this in the following page, "As the war ended, suffrage movementes revived and women received the rote to vote in a # of countries (Britain, the U.S., Germany, Russia, Hungary, and Poland. Partially because of their tremendous effort and sacrifices when the war was on. Ultimately, the women succeeded and took after in the mens' jobs as they were in combat. This proved that women can do manly jobs too.

Pg 989

• This was probably one of the most important parts of chapter 20 because this connects with the next several pages and the other pages reference this part.
• The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise between Germany and the Triple Entente. This treaty caused Germany to in be debt because of war and its damages. Germany had to pay for the lives they killed, Germany lost 15% of its land, had to pay for war reparations, and they had to accept full responsibility of the war.

Pg 990 The Great Depression

• Western capitalism failed as an economic system of way of distributing wealth for the population. Capitalism made some people materialistic and the rise of capitalism opposed older/conservative values of community. 
• "...to socialists, its immense ..social inequalities were unacceptable" (990).
• The flaws in capitalism were exposed and evident because of its devastation in 1929's GD.

Fascism (Mussolini and Italy). 994

• "Fascism found expression across much of Europe." Fascism is intensely nationalistic and people who followed it placed their faith in a charismatic leader.
• Fascists oppose individualism, democracy, communism, liberalism, and feminism because they believed that these ideals would separate a nation > which would ultimately weaken it.
• Fascism took place in Italy and Musolini ruled by using violence (995).
• Musolini and his following workers punished, tortured or even killed those who either opposed him or his ideas. Musolini embraced Catholicism and the page mentions that Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 to get what they believe was revenge for what happened to Italy in 1896. It was not clear if Mussolini initiated this.

Hitler and Nazi Germany. pg 997

• Germany's expression of fascism was by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi troops. 
• Both Musolini and Hitler believed that war was good for the world and that vioence is a good political tool. Both used a single party dictatorship.
• Under hitler's leadership, he wanted an, ...intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority, hatred for Jewish people, dislike communism, and to rescue Germany from the requests of the Treaty of Versailles (997).
• Hitler brought Germany out of the Depression through his policies. The German governement invested in projects and this led to the unemployment rate decreasing. (From 6.2 mill to 500,000). 
• In Hitler's thinking, ...and in nazi propoganda, Jewish people became the symbol of foreign influences who were undermining, damaging, and harming German culture. (more detail in 998)
• Hitler implemented polices that limited life for the Jewish including exclusion from universities, professional organizations, and civil employment.

War in Europe (1,007)

• Hitler and his Nazi party fought for territory including Poland. This resulted into Britain and France declaring war to Germany. By 1938, Germany annexed Austria and some parts of Czechoslavakia.

Chapter 19 Empires in Collision

Crisis Within (China)

• China had a population growth from 100 million (1685) to 430 mill (1853). (Page 934).
• Taiping Rebellion involved a group of people that wanted to change China by ending private property, start redistributing land, end opium addiction, end prostitution, start segregating men and women miltary camps, and more.
• China's military stopped the Taiping because they feared Taiping's radicalism.
• This Civil War had hurt China's economy. (Quing Dynasty and Taiping) pg 935.
• Western Pressures
• The West including the British, Americans, and Europeans merchants found profit in opium.
• China received 1,000 chests of opium in 1773 and 23,000 by 1832.
• China had an addiction with opium. The addiction affected millions of people including men, women, court officials, students, soldiers, and laborers. (937)
• The West had a sphere of influence towards China such as granting privileges to have miltary bases, take materials, and build railroads (pg 937)
• China was believed to have their country carved up like a melon by European powers.

Sick Man of Europe

• In the Muslim World, the Islamic (Ottoman) Empire was under Christian powers.
• The Islamic Empire was controlled by Russia, Britain, Austria, and France (pg 942)
• Due to territory loss, the Islamic Empire could not make money.
• The Ottoman Empire and Arab lands diminished because Europe ggained direct ocean access to treasures of Asia (pg 943)
• The Islamic Empire fell into dependency to Europe 

Outcomes for China and Ottoman Empire (Islam)

• Both sufferred the rapid change in global power > both became semicolonies
• Europe's dominance in China led to a commuunist regime (government)
• In Islam, the small state of Turkey was created. (947)

Japan (New Power)

• Japan fought the West. China and Korea supported Japen to become an imperialist country. Japan showed that being modern is not a European phenomenon. That being modern did not belong to Europe (bottom og 947)
• Japan was governed by a shogun (miltary ruler) named (Commodre Perry 949). Shoguns provided peace for Japan through its miltary and political skills. 
• Japan did not have a national army or uniform currency. To fix this, Japan's Tokugawa regime issued rules to govern occupation, residency, dressing uniform, hairstyle, and treatment towards the 4 hierarchical groups in Japanese society (948).
• Japanese peasants had innovations with rice. Some used fertilizers to grow more rice and this was innovative and treated of high value.
• Confucianism in Japan encouraged education > this led to a large literate population. With 40% of men and 15% of women being able to read and write (pg 948-949).
• As shoguns maintained peace for Japan, this allowed Japan to grow a strong economy, education, urban development and agriculture. (last paragraph in 948)

Japan (continued)

• Japan kept its distance with the Western imperialists by limiting its contact with them (949). Allowing only the Dutch to trade with Japan. (1700s)
• But by the 1800s, Europe and the U.S. forced commodore Perry to trade with them.
• Japan considered how Europe took control of China; Japan gave into Europe's unequal treaties. (pg 950)

Modern Japan

• Japan feared losing its independence (950)
• There was an oppression towards women. Japan's Yukichi wanted to end concubinage, prostitution and called for gender equalit (rights to divorce, marriage, and property). 952
• The Preseve Law of 1887 banned women to join political parties and blocked women to attend political discussions.
• by the early 20th century, Japan had its own Industrial Revolution (end of 952, start of 953)
• The Anglo-Japanese Treaty was an agreement compromise where the West acknowledge Japan's efforts and labeled Japan as an equal power > influenced its unequal treatment towards Japan. (pg 954)

Chapter 18 - European Colonies in Asia and Africa

In chapter 18, there is a focus towards how Europe continued its dominance towards other parts of the world that does not include the Western Hemisphere.

Under the subheading Industry and Empire, Europe had furthered developed its technology and now the focus shifted or at least considered the need of more raw goods. In page 880, Strayer writes, "The enormous productivity of industrial technology and Europe's growing affluence now created the need for extenisve raw materials and agricultural products: wheat from the American Midwest ... ,bananas from Central America, rubber from Brazil, cocoa and palm oil from West Africa, tea from Ceylon, gold and diamonds from South Africa."

In the same section, Strayer mentions the economic growth tht Europe had and that Europeans practiced profitting best from foreign countries rather than in their home space. In page 881, Strayer writes, "Wealthy Europeans also saw social benefits to foreign markets, which served to keep Europe's factories humming and its workers employed."

Strayer continues by adding how Europe's imperialization became popular through nationalism. Europe competed against Italy and Germany to gain more influence and or complete dominance in both Africa and Asia. In page 882, Strayer discusses how imperialism meant a significant amount of meaning and reason to control a space. 

Imperialism was learned that it was international power. Following, Strayer adds that industrialization changed how the Europeans understood themselves and perceived others; the Europeans developed a "...sense of religious superiority.." (882).

In page 883, things get really conflicting as Strayer includes the justification and reasoning behind the acts of the Europeans towards others. Although the vocabulary term was not mentioned, I think page 883 discusses the idea of "White Man's Burden." This idea connects with the reading because the text also speaks about the usage and relationship of science towards race.

Strayer writes the following, "...Europeans viewed the culture... of Asian and African peoples through the prism of a new kind of racism, expressed now in terms of modern science" (883). Also, "Phrenologists... used allegedly scientific methods and numerous instruments to classify the size and shape of human skulls and concluded, not surprizingly, that those of whites were larger and therefore more advanced" (883).

Chapter 17

Industrial Revolution

• The I.R. began in Britain. Following the Revolution, there were advanced technological inventions such as "...the soinning jenny, power loom, steam, engine, or cotton gin...a culture of innovation, a widespread and... obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved" (Strayer, 829).
• There were massive populations of people. Up to "...375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early ninteenth century" (Strayer, 828).
• People that came here originated from Western Europe, China, Japan, and others. A main motive for their migration was global energy. Energy was discovered and industriel fuel became a powerful and demanding tool that the population valued.

British Aristocracy

• The Aristocrats were a very wealthy class of citizens,  "...the dominant class in Britain, suffered little in material terms from the Industrial Revolution" (836)
• The Artistocrats were landowners and they owned a large percentage of Britain. 
• "In the mid-nineteenth century, a few thousand families still owned more than half of the cultivated land in Britain.." (Strayer, 836).

Middle Class

• The Middle class were a group of citzens who were developing their wealth while the Aristroacy already had a mass of wealth. "As its upper levels, this middle class contained extremely wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants" (837).
• Other types of citizens that were in the Middle Class were doctos, lawyers, small businessmen, engineers, teachers, and much more. 
• The Middle Class valued "respectability" and this connects with Scotsman Smiles's Self-Help where Smiles argues that people are to take care of their destiny. Smiles believes that this belief furthered the Middle Class to remain above those below.

Laboring Class

• The laboring class was more than 70% of Britain's 19th century population. The labor force was the majority of Britain's population at the time.
• Living as a labor class citizen was very tough because the living conditions were not sane and not humane. In page 839, Strayer writes, "These cities were vastly overcrowded and smoky, with wholly inadequate sanitation, periodic epidemics, ...few public services, ...and polluted water supplies" (839).

Social Protest

1. Karl Marx was an activist who was born in Germany, but "... witnessed the brutal conditions of Britain's Industrial Revolution" (842). Karlx Marx invented the system of communism and was noted for his"scientific socialism" (843). Marx challenged those in charge of society such as the King, Aristocrats and others of high power.
2. Robert Owen. "..a wealthy British cotton textile manufacturer, urged the creation of small industrial communities where workers and their families would be well treated. He established one such community, with a ten-hour workday, spacious housing, decent wages, and education for children..." (842).