Chapter 19 Empires in Collision

Crisis Within (China)

• China had a population growth from 100 million (1685) to 430 mill (1853). (Page 934).
• Taiping Rebellion involved a group of people that wanted to change China by ending private property, start redistributing land, end opium addiction, end prostitution, start segregating men and women miltary camps, and more.
• China's military stopped the Taiping because they feared Taiping's radicalism.
• This Civil War had hurt China's economy. (Quing Dynasty and Taiping) pg 935.
• Western Pressures
• The West including the British, Americans, and Europeans merchants found profit in opium.
• China received 1,000 chests of opium in 1773 and 23,000 by 1832.
• China had an addiction with opium. The addiction affected millions of people including men, women, court officials, students, soldiers, and laborers. (937)
• The West had a sphere of influence towards China such as granting privileges to have miltary bases, take materials, and build railroads (pg 937)
• China was believed to have their country carved up like a melon by European powers.

Sick Man of Europe

• In the Muslim World, the Islamic (Ottoman) Empire was under Christian powers.
• The Islamic Empire was controlled by Russia, Britain, Austria, and France (pg 942)
• Due to territory loss, the Islamic Empire could not make money.
• The Ottoman Empire and Arab lands diminished because Europe ggained direct ocean access to treasures of Asia (pg 943)
• The Islamic Empire fell into dependency to Europe 

Outcomes for China and Ottoman Empire (Islam)

• Both sufferred the rapid change in global power > both became semicolonies
• Europe's dominance in China led to a commuunist regime (government)
• In Islam, the small state of Turkey was created. (947)

Japan (New Power)

• Japan fought the West. China and Korea supported Japen to become an imperialist country. Japan showed that being modern is not a European phenomenon. That being modern did not belong to Europe (bottom og 947)
• Japan was governed by a shogun (miltary ruler) named (Commodre Perry 949). Shoguns provided peace for Japan through its miltary and political skills. 
• Japan did not have a national army or uniform currency. To fix this, Japan's Tokugawa regime issued rules to govern occupation, residency, dressing uniform, hairstyle, and treatment towards the 4 hierarchical groups in Japanese society (948).
• Japanese peasants had innovations with rice. Some used fertilizers to grow more rice and this was innovative and treated of high value.
• Confucianism in Japan encouraged education > this led to a large literate population. With 40% of men and 15% of women being able to read and write (pg 948-949).
• As shoguns maintained peace for Japan, this allowed Japan to grow a strong economy, education, urban development and agriculture. (last paragraph in 948)

Japan (continued)

• Japan kept its distance with the Western imperialists by limiting its contact with them (949). Allowing only the Dutch to trade with Japan. (1700s)
• But by the 1800s, Europe and the U.S. forced commodore Perry to trade with them.
• Japan considered how Europe took control of China; Japan gave into Europe's unequal treaties. (pg 950)

Modern Japan

• Japan feared losing its independence (950)
• There was an oppression towards women. Japan's Yukichi wanted to end concubinage, prostitution and called for gender equalit (rights to divorce, marriage, and property). 952
• The Preseve Law of 1887 banned women to join political parties and blocked women to attend political discussions.
• by the early 20th century, Japan had its own Industrial Revolution (end of 952, start of 953)
• The Anglo-Japanese Treaty was an agreement compromise where the West acknowledge Japan's efforts and labeled Japan as an equal power > influenced its unequal treatment towards Japan. (pg 954)