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Chapter 23 Capitalism and Culture

World Economy Transforming (1138)

• "...the decades between the two world wards, witnessed a deep contraction of global economic linkages as the aftermath of World War 1 and ... the Great Depression wreaked havoc on the world economy" (1138)
• However, after World War 2, capitalist victors were very determined to avoid repeating the same mistake from the Great Depression. "At a conference n Bretton Woods, New Hampshire" there was  the establishment of the international Monterary Fund and the World Bank. This laid a "..foundation for postwar globalization" (1139)
• Page 1,139 also teaches that technology influenced the acceleration of economic globalization. "Containerized shipping, huge oil tankers, and air express services dramatically loweredtransportation costs, while fiber-optic cables and later the Internet provided the communcation infrastructure for global economic interaction."

Reglobalization (1140)

• Strayer mentions that reglobalization was a "significant process that was expressed in the accelerating circulation of goods, capital and people."
• As an example, Strayer mentions the world trade and how it "..skyrocketed from a value of some $57 billion in 1947 to about $16 trillion in 2009. In 2005, about 70 percent of Walmart products reportedly included components from China. ...the following year, Toyota replaced General Motors as the World's largest automaker with manufacturing facilities in at least eighteen countires."
• Money became a global mobility tool in (3) ways. Personal funds by individuals, foreign direct investment, and .."a second form of money in motion has been the short-term movement of capital, in which investors annually spent trillions of follars purchasing foreign currencies ... to increase in value..".

Growth, Instability, and Inequality (1143)

• In page 1143, world wide, total world value output grew from a value of 7 trillion in 1950 to 73 trillion in 2009. This meant that there was an increased speed in producing wealth.
• "...nothing since the Great Depression more clearly illustrated the unsettling consequences of global connectedness in the absence of global regulation than the world wide economic contraction that began in 2008."

Chapter 22 (1914)

The global south on the global stage. 

End of Empire (pg 1088)

• "The period from the mid-1950s through the mid 1970s was the age of African independence as colony after colony... emerged into what was then seen as the bright light of freedom" (1088)
• "...the African and Asian struggles of the twentieth century were very different, for they not only asserted political independence but also affirmed the vitality of their cultures, which has been submerged and denigrated during the colonial era" (1088-89).

African and Asian Independence

• By the early twentieth century in Asia and mid 20th century in Africa, a third generation of educated elites had arisen throughout the colonial world. This generation of educated people were familiar with European culture. (more information in 1091).
• There are notable leaders in Africa's and Asia's independence. In page 1,092, Strayer writes, "Leaders drawn everywhere from the ranks of the educated few... organized political parties, recruited members, plotted strategy, developed an ideology, and negotiated with one another and with the colonial state. 
• "...Gandhi and Nehru in India, Sukarno in Indonesia, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Nkrumah in Ghana, and Mendela in South Africa."
• "Millions of ordinary men and women joined Gandhi's nonviolent campaigns in India..." (1092).

Comparing Freedom Struggles

• "Nationalism surfaced in Vietnam in the early 1900s..." (1092-3) Strayer also mentions that Vietnam fought French colonizers, Japanese invaders during WWII, the United States in the 1960s, and the Chinese in a brief war of 1979.
• In West Africa, "...nationalists relied on peaceful political pressure -- demonstrations, strikes, mass mobilization, and negotiations -- to achieve independence" (1093).
• In Vietnam and China, they wanted to change social transformation to adapt communism. In Africa, "....focused on ending racial discrimination and achieving political independence with little concern about emerging patterns of domestic class inequality" (1093).

India (Ending British Rule)

• "India was the first colonies to achieve independence and this inspired others to follow. "...South Africa.. was among th elast to throw off political domination by whites" (1093) 
• The political expression of an all-Indian identity took shape in the Indian National Congress. "This was an association of English-educated Indians -- lawyers, jouranlists, teachers, and businessme -- drawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste Hindu familiaes" (1094).
• Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and advanced in the leadership levels of the Indian National Congress.

South Africa (Ending Apartheid)

• In South Africa, the "...struggle was not waged against an occupying European colonial power" since South Africa was independent from Great Britain since 1910. (pg 1097).
• The strugge in South Africa was an internal conflict. "The country's black African majority had no political rights whatsoever... Black South Africans' struggle ... was against this internal opponent rather than against a distant colonial authority, as in India" (1097).
• In 1912, the African National Congress was established. The ANC "....appealed to liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed." (1100).
• By the 1950s, Nelson Mandela was involved and "...broadened its base of support and launched nonviolent civil disobediance  -- boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and the burning of the hated passes that all Africans were required to carry" (1100).

Chapter 21

Global Communism

• "by the 1970s, almost one-third of the world's population lived in societies governed by communist regimes" (Strayer, 1036). This is seen in the true examples that Strayer lists such as the Soviet Union, China, and parts of Eastern Europe.
• Because of the Russian Revolution, it had spread to Mongolia and there was a communist regime in 1924.
• In Vietnam, there was a "...communist movement under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh..." (1037).
• Strayer mentions, "The victory of the Vietnamese communists spilled over into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, where communist parties took power in the mid 1970s" (1,037).
• The idea of McCarthyism arrived in the 1950s and the United States feared a wave of comminism to enter the U.S. (more info in 1038)

Russia's Revolution (in 1 year) 

• "in hungary and Poland, for example, communist pressures led to the resdistribution of much land to poor or landless peasants..." (bottom of 1041-1042).

China (Revolutionary Struggle)

• By 1921, there was the establishment of the CCP - the Chinese Communist Party and they wanted to organize the country's "...miniscule urban working class" (1042).
• In China, "...intellectuals had been discussing socialism for half a century or more before the revolution, the ideas of Karl Marx were barely known in China in the early 20th century" (1042).
• In page 1043, Strayer mentions the impact that women had when land reform was experimented with. Strayer discusses how literacy was promoted after women were enrolled in owning as much land as men and that they were encouraged to make handicraft goods. "...such as making clothing, blankets, and shoes..." (1043).
• "...in the areas it controlled, the CCP reduced rents, taxes, and interest payments for peasants; taught literacy to adults; and mobilized women for the struggle (bottom of 1043-1044 top).