Chapter 22 (1914)

The global south on the global stage. 

End of Empire (pg 1088)

• "The period from the mid-1950s through the mid 1970s was the age of African independence as colony after colony... emerged into what was then seen as the bright light of freedom" (1088)
• "...the African and Asian struggles of the twentieth century were very different, for they not only asserted political independence but also affirmed the vitality of their cultures, which has been submerged and denigrated during the colonial era" (1088-89).

African and Asian Independence

• By the early twentieth century in Asia and mid 20th century in Africa, a third generation of educated elites had arisen throughout the colonial world. This generation of educated people were familiar with European culture. (more information in 1091).
• There are notable leaders in Africa's and Asia's independence. In page 1,092, Strayer writes, "Leaders drawn everywhere from the ranks of the educated few... organized political parties, recruited members, plotted strategy, developed an ideology, and negotiated with one another and with the colonial state. 
• "...Gandhi and Nehru in India, Sukarno in Indonesia, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Nkrumah in Ghana, and Mendela in South Africa."
• "Millions of ordinary men and women joined Gandhi's nonviolent campaigns in India..." (1092).

Comparing Freedom Struggles

• "Nationalism surfaced in Vietnam in the early 1900s..." (1092-3) Strayer also mentions that Vietnam fought French colonizers, Japanese invaders during WWII, the United States in the 1960s, and the Chinese in a brief war of 1979.
• In West Africa, "...nationalists relied on peaceful political pressure -- demonstrations, strikes, mass mobilization, and negotiations -- to achieve independence" (1093).
• In Vietnam and China, they wanted to change social transformation to adapt communism. In Africa, "....focused on ending racial discrimination and achieving political independence with little concern about emerging patterns of domestic class inequality" (1093).

India (Ending British Rule)

• "India was the first colonies to achieve independence and this inspired others to follow. "...South Africa.. was among th elast to throw off political domination by whites" (1093) 
• The political expression of an all-Indian identity took shape in the Indian National Congress. "This was an association of English-educated Indians -- lawyers, jouranlists, teachers, and businessme -- drawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste Hindu familiaes" (1094).
• Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and advanced in the leadership levels of the Indian National Congress.

South Africa (Ending Apartheid)

• In South Africa, the "...struggle was not waged against an occupying European colonial power" since South Africa was independent from Great Britain since 1910. (pg 1097).
• The strugge in South Africa was an internal conflict. "The country's black African majority had no political rights whatsoever... Black South Africans' struggle ... was against this internal opponent rather than against a distant colonial authority, as in India" (1097).
• In 1912, the African National Congress was established. The ANC "....appealed to liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed." (1100).
• By the 1950s, Nelson Mandela was involved and "...broadened its base of support and launched nonviolent civil disobediance  -- boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and the burning of the hated passes that all Africans were required to carry" (1100).